Purpose This study evaluates the impact of multidimensional seaport connectivity, which consists of hinterland connectivity (SHC), maritime connectivity (SMC), digital connectivity (DCN) and sustainable connectivity (SUC), on customer satisfaction and seaport competitiveness. Furthermore, it assesses the moderating effect of government institutional support (GIS) on these relationships. Design/methodology/approach A mixed-method approach was adopted, combining a literature review, expert interviews and a quantitative survey. Data were collected from 406 enterprises involved in port-related logistic activities in Vietnam. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed to test the proposed relationships and moderation effects. Findings The results reveal that hinterland connectivity, digital connectivity and sustainable connectivity positively influence both customer satisfaction and seaport competitiveness. In contrast, maritime connectivity has a significant direct effect on competitiveness but does not directly affect customer satisfaction. The moderating effect of GIS was insignificant in most relationships, except for sustainable connectivity, where GIS moderated the relationship so the positive impact on customer satisfaction persisted across levels, although with reduced magnitude at higher GIS. Originality/value This study develops a novel conceptualization of seaport connectivity by introducing a multidimensional framework beyond the traditional focus on hinterland and maritime connectivity. It defines and incorporates digital connectivity and sustainable connectivity as two new strategic dimensions. This reflects current demands of digitalization and sustainability in port development and offers guidance for policymakers in formulating integrated connectivity strategies and institutional support.
Vo et al. (Sat,) studied this question.