Accurate and efficient CFD simulations are essential for a wide range of engineering and scientific applications, from resilient structural design to environmental analysis. Traditional methods such as RANS simulations often face challenges in capturing complex flow phenomena like separation, while high-fidelity approaches including Large Eddy Simulations and Direct Numerical Simulations demand significant computational resources, thereby limiting their practical applicability. This paper provides an in-depth synthesis of recent advancements in integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques with CFD to enhance simulation accuracy, computational efficiency, and modeling capabilities, including data-driven surrogate models, physics-informed methods, and ML-assisted numerical solvers. This integration marks a crucial paradigm shift, transcending incremental improvements to fundamentally redefine the possibilities of fluid dynamics research and engineering design. Key themes discussed include data-driven surrogate models, physics-informed methods, ML-assisted numerical solvers, inverse design, and advanced turbulence modeling. Practical applications, such as wind load design for solar panels and deep learning approaches for eddy viscosity prediction in bluff body flows, illustrate the substantial impact of ML integration. The findings demonstrate that ML techniques can accelerate simulations by up to 10,000 times in certain cases while maintaining or improving the accuracy, particularly in challenging flow regimes. For instance, models employing learned interpolation can achieve 40- to 80-fold computational speedups while matching the accuracy of baseline solvers with a resolution 8 to 10 times finer. Other approaches, like Fourier Neural Operators, can achieve inference times three orders of magnitude faster than conventional PDE solvers for the Navier–Stokes equations. Such advancements not only accelerate critical engineering workflows but also open unprecedented avenues for scientific discovery in complex, nonlinear systems that were previously intractable with traditional computational methods. Furthermore, ML enables unprecedented advances in turbulence modeling, improving predictions within complex separated flow zones. This integration is reshaping fluid mechanics, offering pathways toward more reliable, efficient, and resilient engineering solutions necessary for addressing contemporary challenges.
Aly Mousaad Aly (Tue,) studied this question.