Introduction: There are many challenges in achieving high performance composites. These challenges are achieving uniform filler dispersion, strong interfacial interactions, and efficient load transfer. This study addresses some of these challenges and presents a strategy to balance properties with high-performance PENGs. Methods: These PENGs devices were fabricated using hybrid composites consisting of barium titanate (BaTiO₃) and titanium carbide (TiC) as fillers, embedded in a silicone rubber matrix. The mechanical and electromechanical behavior were assessed using a universal testing machine and a digital multimeter. Results: The results indicate that BaTiO3 and TiC were effective in achieving high modulus and robust power density. For example, the compressive modulus increased from 1.15 MPa (control) to 1.45 MPa at 10 phr BaTiO₃ (BaTiO₃-10), and further to 2.29 MPa at 40 phr (Ba- TiO₃-40). Similarly, the generated power output increased from 0.79 pW/cm² (BaTiO₃-10) to a maximum of 2.29 pW/cm² (BaTiO₃-20), before decreasing to 0.39 pW/cm² (BaTiO₃-30). Discussion: These results show the effectiveness of BaTiO₃ and TiC-filled silicone rubber composites in enhancing the performance of PENGs. The study covers a promising route for the development of self-powered devices. Conclusions: The study shows that the BaTiO₃ and TiC hybrid used in silicone rubber provides a robust performance for portable electronics and biological applications. The results show that 20 phr of hybrid filler is sufficient to best performance, while the properties fall after this filler loading.
Kumar et al. (Tue,) studied this question.