Abstract Background Umbilical cord blood (UCB) and umbilical cord tissue (UCT) are non-invasive, readily available sources of stem cells with significant potential for regenerative medicine and hematopoietic transplantation. While hematopoietic stem cells from UCB and mesenchymal stem cells from both UCB and UCT are clinically applied, other cord-derived populations remain under investigation, offering novel therapeutic opportunities alongside translational challenges. Main Body This review synthesizes current knowledge on stem cell populations derived from UCB and UCT. Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells have established clinical roles, whereas unrestricted somatic stem cells, embryonic-like stem cells, MUSE cells, and multipotent progenitor cells show preclinical promise. These populations differ in differentiation potential, therapeutic application, and biological characteristics. Translational barriers include limited cell numbers, variable engraftment, immune compatibility, and challenges in long-term preservation. Emerging strategies, such as ex vivo expansion, co-transplantation, and nanoparticle-assisted delivery, aim to enhance efficacy, precision, and safety. Conclusion This Narrative review highlights both opportunities and challenges of umbilical cord stem cell therapies. Standardized protocols, interdisciplinary collaboration, and continued innovation are essential to optimize clinical outcomes and fully realize the translational potential of these diverse populations.
Amir Atashi (Sun,) studied this question.