What question did this study set out to answer?

To explore the late complications arising from industrial silicone breast injections and their anatomical implications.

December 22, 2025Open Access

Late Complications of Industrial Silicone in the Breasts: Muscular Involvement of the Sternocleidomastoid and Lymph Nodes in the Cervical Region Up to Level v After 35 Years

ESE SilvaUniversidade do Porto INIchiro NakashimaTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital CYCamila Kienen Yamakawa

Key Points

To explore the late complications arising from industrial silicone breast injections and their anatomical implications.
Case analysis of silicone-induced complications
Assessment of injection history and clinical outcomes
Evaluation of muscular and lymphatic involvement in the cervical region
Identified significant complications including infections and granulomas
Silicone migration observed affecting sternocleidomastoid muscle
Anatomical changes in cervical lymph nodes up to level V noted after 35 years

Abstract

Introduction: The injection of liquid silicone into the breasts, a popular cosmetic practice since the 1940s, has been discouraged due to its serious complications, including difficult-to-manage infections, embolisms, and cosmetic deformities. Chronic complications include the formation of siliconomas, granulomas, and migration of silicone to adjacent tissues and lymph nodes, which can result in significant changes in the anatomy and functionality of the affected regions.

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