Based on GRACE RL06 data, this study reconstructs a monthly Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA) series in Shandong Province (2003–2024) using Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) and derives Groundwater Storage Anomaly (GWSA) via the water balance equation. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of GWSA were systematically examined, and the relative contributions of climatic factors and human activities to groundwater storage changes were quantitatively assessed, with the aim of contributing to the development, utilization, and protection of groundwater in Shandong Province. The results indicate that temporally, GWSA in Shandong Province exhibited a statistically significant decreasing trend at a rate of −8.45 mm/a (p 80%) increased dramatically to 99.58%. Furthermore, the impact of human activities demonstrated bidirectional characteristics, transitioning from negative influences during the depletion phase to positive contributions promoting groundwater recovery in recent years. At present, the GWSA in Shandong Province is expected to continue declining in the future, with an overall downward trend. Countermeasures must be implemented promptly.
Bi et al. (Sat,) studied this question.