Feed formulation is a typical multi-objective optimization problem that aims to minimize cost while satisfying multiple nutritional constraints. However, existing methods often suffer from limitations in handling nonlinear constraints, high-dimensional decision spaces, and solution feasibility. To address these challenges, this study proposes a multi-objective feed formulation method based on an improved Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). A hybrid Dirichlet–Latin Hypercube Sampling (Dirichlet-LHS) strategy is introduced to generate an initial population with high feasibility and diversity, together with an iterative normalization-based dynamic repair operator to efficiently handle ingredient proportion and nutritional constraints. In addition, an adaptive termination mechanism based on the hypervolume improvement rate (Hypervolume Termination, HVT) is designed to avoid redundant computation while ensuring effective convergence of the Pareto front. Experimental results demonstrate that the Dirichlet–LHS strategy outperforms random sampling, Dirichlet sampling, and Latin hypercube sampling in terms of hypervolume and solution diversity. Under identical nutritional constraints, the improved NSGA-II reduces formulation cost by 1.52% compared with multi-objective Bayesian optimization and by 2.17% relative to conventional feed formulation methods. In a practical application to meat sheep diet formulation, the optimized feed cost is reduced to 1162.23 CNY per ton, achieving a 4.83% cost reduction with only a 1.09 s increase in computation time. These results indicate that the proposed method effectively addresses strongly constrained multi-objective feed formulation problems and provides reliable technical support for precision feeding in intelligent livestock production.
Zhang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.