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January 23, 2026

Translation, Validation, and Application of the Student Questionnaire for Controversial Issues (SQCI) Among Spanish Secondary Education Students

DODelfín Ortega-Sánchez CPCarlos Pérez-González

Key Points

The research aims to validate the Student Questionnaire for Controversial Issues (SQCI) among Spanish secondary education students.
Sample included 728 students from Spanish compulsory secondary education.
Used statistical analyses to assess the fit and reliability of the SQCI.
Tested for multi-group invariance across different demographics like sex and reading habits.
The unidimensional model showed excellent fit and high internal consistency.
Structural stability was confirmed across different groups.
Students expressed a preference for including topics such as AI and human rights in the curriculum.

Abstract

This study validates the Student Questionnaire for Controversial Issues (SQCI) in a Spanish compulsory secondary education sample ( n = 728; M age = 15.84, SD age = 0.36). The unidimensional model showed excellent fit (χ 2 /df = 1.38, CFI = .989, TLI = .988, RMSEA = .023 90% CI .015‐.030) and high internal consistency (α = .931; ω = .935). Multi-group invariance and reliability/AVE indices (.979‐.719) supported structural stability and comparability of latent means (sex, reading habits, origin). Differences emerged by sex (military service, wealth inequality) and reading habits (religion, electoral systems). Students favored including AI, human rights, fanaticism, and cloning in the curriculum.

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