Agriculture remains a cornerstone of national economies, providing food security, rural development, and environmental sustainability. The mechanization of agriculture has become increasingly prominent in recent years, with a substantial rise in the adoption of tractors, combine harvesters, and other machinery to enhance productivity. While agricultural mechanization improves efficiency and profitability, it also drives significant energy demand and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, with implications for both the economy and the environment. Globally, energy consumption in agriculture is projected to rise, highlighting the need for research into energy-efficient technologies and sustainable production practices.This study presents a systematic review of energy demand and emission trends in agricultural mechanization, analyzing the impact of machinery adoption on fuel and electricity use, fertilizer and pesticide production, and overall environmental footprint. The review draws on recent studies, including case examples from Brazil, where agricultural machinery production increased by 23.8% between 2017 and 2018, representing a significant intensification of mechanization. Findings indicate that while mechanization enhances production efficiency, it also increases energy requirements and carbon emissions, underscoring the importance of optimizing machinery use and adopting renewable energy solutions.The results highlight the interplay between agricultural mechanization, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. This review provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and agricultural practitioners seeking to balance productivity gains with reduced energy consumption and emissions. Recommendations emphasize the adoption of energy-efficient machinery, integration of renewable energy sources, and the development of sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate environmental impacts while supporting economic growth.
Danjuma et al. (Sat,) studied this question.