As substantial incorporation of variable renewable generation technologies, particularly wind and photovoltaic systems, becomes more common, the complexities of power supply and demand characteristics are increasing, making it essential to conduct a detailed power and energy balance analysis. Aiming at regional power systems with multi-source structures and internal transmission interface constraints, this paper proposes a power and energy balance analysis method that considers demand-side carbon emissions. First, a closed-loop mechanism of “carbon signal–load response–balance optimization” based on nodal carbon potential (NCP) is constructed. In this framework, NCP is utilized to generate carbon signals that guide the active response of flexible loads, which are subsequently integrated into the coordinated optimization of power and energy balance. Second, a power and energy balance optimization model adapted to multi-source structures is established, where transmission power limits between zones are directly embedded into the constraint system, overcoming the defects of traditional heuristic methods that require repeated iterations to correct interfaces. Finally, an improved hybrid solution strategy for large-scale balance analysis is designed, significantly reducing the variable scale through the aggregation of similar units within zones. Case studies show that this method can effectively guide the load to shift toward low-carbon periods and nodes, significantly reducing total system carbon emissions and improving renewable energy consumption while ensuring power and energy balance.
Hao et al. (Sat,) studied this question.