In Hilly areas of India such as Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, where horticulture plays a critical role in the local economy and food security, rising temperatures due to climate change are becoming increasingly problematic. Traditionally known for its high-quality apples, pears, and stone fruits, the region is witnessing noticeable shifts in crop behaviour. Higher temperatures are causing crops to bloom earlier than usual, which can lead to a mismatch with the availability of pollinators and ultimately result in a poor fruit set and reduced yields. For example, apple orchards are experiencing early blooming under less-than-ideal conditions, leading to smaller fruit size and lower nutritional content. In addition to altering the timing of growth stages, the heat intensifies water stress, making plants more vulnerable to drought and increasing the likelihood of pest and disease outbreaks. Local field studies over the past decade have shown changes in the growing season and a general decline in the performance of horticultural crops. These challenges highlight the urgent need for adaptive strategies, such as developing heat-tolerant varieties through both traditional breeding and modern molecular techniques, and improving water management practices like regulated deficit irrigation. Integrated pest management and advanced agronomic practices are also essential to help farmers cope with these changes. Moreover, predictive modeling and climate-resilient farming practices can provide valuable insights for policymakers and agricultural stakeholders, guiding them in designing region-specific adaptation strategies. Addressing these challenges is not only vital for maintaining the productivity of horticultural sector but also for ensuring that local communities continue to have access to nutritious, high-quality fruits in a warming climate.
Kumar et al. (Tue,) studied this question.