High-Energy Hybridized States Enable Long-Lived Hot Electrons in Cobaloxime-Silicon Nanocrystal System

Strong electronic coupling is achieved between the molecular catalyst cobaloxime (Co) and silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) bridged by an ethylenepyridine group derived from vinylpyridine (vpy) covalently bound to the Si NC surface (Si-vpy-Co). The ethylenepyridine tether in Si-vpy-Co is key to dramatic changes to the system's physical properties─which are not observed in the corresponding formylpyridine (fpy) system (Si-fpy-Co)─consistent with strong electronic coupling previously observed only in dark electrochemical systems. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy reveals new Co-centered electronic states in Si-vpy-Co, and transient absorption spectroscopy finds a strong absorption feature appearing within 250 fs and persisting for at least 5 ns. Astoundingly, spectroelectrochemical measurements reveal that this absorption feature is consistent with both the singly reduced Co- and doubly reduced Co2- complexes, leading to the conclusion that these long-lived charges are derived from high-energy "hot" electrons residing in Co-centered states. Detailed analysis using cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations provides insight into the unique electronic structure created in Si-vpy-Co. DFT reveals that the new electronic states arise from hybridization between deep Si NC band states and high-energy molecular orbitals of the ethylenepyridine tether and the Co catalyst and are facilitated by σ-bonding character at the ethylenepyridine linkage. This study demonstrates that strong electronic coupling achieved through precise molecular chemistry can change the paradigm of otherwise fixed energy levels in hybrid photoelectrochemical systems for artificial photosynthesis and related applications.