The second excitation of the nucleon, the Roper, has properties differentiated from other low-lying nucleon resonances. Their properties challenge our understanding of the structure of the baryons in terms of the degrees of freedom from QCD. In the present work, we discuss the properties of the Roper resonance and the nucleon to Roper electromagnetic transition, based on the quark degrees of freedom, that are expected to dominate for large square momentum transfer \ (Q²\). We also discuss the analytic structure of the transition amplitudes in the low-\ (Q²\) region, and how the contributions of baryon–meson states can help to describe the low- and intermediate-\ (Q²\) data, and the nature of the Roper. Abstract Published by the Jagiellonian University 2026 authors
G. Ramalho (Tue,) studied this question.