ABSTRACT Modern engineered systems demand lifecycle strategies that are responsive, risk‐aware, and aligned with evolving needs. Historically, systems engineering has been methodology‐driven, with formal frameworks such as the V‐Model or waterfall used to guide process rigor and governance. These methodologies provided structure and control, especially for large, safety‐critical engineered programs. However, as systems have become more complex and adaptive, the limitations of rigid methodological adherence have become increasingly apparent. This article retraces the reasoning behind moving from methodology‐driven to function‐driven, to outcomes‐focused, and finally to functionally enabled outcomes. It introduces the concept of functional‐outcomes driven tailoring (FODT) as a unifying framework that drives lifecycle performance through functional alignment to mission outcomes.
Barend Botha (Sun,) studied this question.