To address the issue of localized deformation in tunnel linings caused by temperature and humidity changes in cold environments, this study carried out secondary development of simulation software through independent programming and established a computational model capable of coupling airflow with the tunnel environment. Based on the revealed mechanisms, the study systematically explored the effects of ventilation intensity, groundwater levels, and drainage tunnel locations on lining deformation. The research indicates that tunnel ventilation conditions affect the temperature and humidity fields of the lining, which in turn influence its deformation. Notably, the tunnel entrance area is highly sensitive to external climate changes and is therefore more prone to deformation. The displacement of the tunnel crown exhibits periodic fluctuations over time under different spacing between the main tunnel and drainage tunnels. Moreover, proper layout is crucial: closer spacing leads to greater displacement changes, while wider spacing results in higher stress. Changes in groundwater levels can also trigger stress redistribution. By scientifically and rationally optimizing and adjusting simulation parameters, the likelihood of tunnel deformation and failure can be effectively reduced. The results of this study provide a scientific basis and technical support for engineering practice in related fields.
Chang et al. (Tue,) studied this question.