Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems enhance solar energy efficiency by integrating thermal management, yet certain challenges limit their performance. Hence, a novel graphene-enhanced recursive wavelet bee-tuned adaptive MPPT framework is proposed. Advancements in nanotechnology and phase change materials (PCMs) improve thermal regulation in PVT systems, but thermal cycling causes Soret diffusion, leading to stress, substrate distortion, and nanofilm delamination. Additionally, thermal expansion weakens seals, while electromagnetic interference from PV cells disrupts sensor accuracy, reducing system reliability. Thus, a novel graphene-enhanced adaptive phase transition and sealing framework is introduced, which enhances structural integrity under thermal cycling, ensuring accurate energy measurements and improving overall system reliability. Inefficient power transfer from the PVT collector to the thermal storage medium, caused by sub-optimal mechanisms and poor flow dynamics, leads to energy losses. Thus, a novel improved recursive wavelet bee-tuned MPPT is introduced, which enhances PV voltage accuracy and optimizes maximum power point tracking (MPPT), ensuring efficient power transfer. The outcomes obtained by the suggested model have high electrical power, thermal power, voltage, current, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.
Sharma et al. (Fri,) studied this question.