This essay explores camouflage as a form of strategic metamorphosis that reshapes behaviour, identity and agency rather than merely concealing them. Starting from the myth of Proteus, the sea god who survives by constantly changing shape, it shows how disguise can slip out of control and turn against those who employ it. In Homer, Plato and ancient zoology, metamorphosis is not the expression or transformation of an inner essence but a technique for producing unsettling effects: evading capture, undermining authority, staging playful illusion. This protean logic reappears in animal camouflage, such as that of the octopus, and in early modern courtly dissimulation. It also manifests in contemporary phenomena, including extremist hooligans acting in anonymizing uniforms and the psychological Proteus-effect, where avatars in virtual environments reshape users’ attitudes and behaviour. This essay argues that camouflage is a fundamentally relational and situational force: once set in motion, it generates actions that no single agent fully controls. By combining insights from myth, philosophy, animal behaviour and psychology, this essay offers a framework for rethinking culture not as a linear march towards greater civilisation, but as an intensification of a nature already marked by deception, excess and unstable forms.
Hadikoesoemo et al. (Sun,) studied this question.