Imprint of minute hydrocarbon seepage on solid phase and pore water geochemistry in organic-poor subseafloor sediment

Abstract. In marine environments, small hydrocarbon (HC) fluxes through organic-poor sediments are often fully degraded by microorganisms before reaching the seabed. Yet, these fluxes influence sediment geochemistry by stimulating microbial activity. We analyzed 50 gravity cores from the southwestern Barents Sea, covering zones affected by inconspicuous HC seepage and unaffected reference zones. Using various organic and inorganic geochemical analyses of the sediment along with pore water geochemistry, we assess the effects of low-intensity seepage and identify potential geochemical signatures. While analysis of the organic geochemical analyses provided limited insights, inorganic geochemical analyses revealed formation of minerals such as carbonates and sulfides, linked to microbial reductive processes. Element concentrations suggested that HC degradation leaves distinct signatures, particularly in redox-sensitive minerals. Pore water profiles in HC-affected zones showed significant variation, indicating carbonate precipitation. In contrast, sediments not affected by HC seepage displayed more uniform pore water profiles. Estimated fluxes of sulfate, calcium, and alkalinity varied notably between cores, particularly in HC-affected zones, suggesting local and potentially transient differences in seepage intensity. While microbial HC degradation likely occurs deeper than our sampling interval, high-resolution geochemical analysis of both sediment fractions and pore water revealed a clear imprint of HC seepage. This imprint, reflected in authigenic minerals and pore water gradients, allows identification of past and present seepage activity, with authigenic minerals providing evidence for past seepage, and pore water profiles informing about ongoing seepage.