Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with limited treatment options that address its full complexity. This review critically evaluates novel therapeutics across five key domains: behavioral and psychosocial interventions, psychopharmacology, digital and AI-driven tools, neuromodulation, and genetic therapies. The broad heterogeneity of ASD complicates clinical research, often obscuring treatment effects and limiting generalizability. Challenges across domains include identifying reliable biomarkers, defining meaningful outcomes, and ensuring equitable access to evidence-based care and research participation. Behavioral and psychosocial therapies, considered first line interventions, are shifting toward naturalistic, developmentally informed, and neurodiversity-affirming models that reflect individual needs across the spectrum and across the lifespan. There continues to be no medications that are currently FDA approved for core autism symptoms, though ongoing pharmacologic research increasingly emphasizes biologically informed, stratified approaches to develop biomarkers that identify subsets of individuals who may benefit from a specific treatment. Digital and AI-driven tools promise greater personalization and expanded access but require safeguards, validation, and attention to equity. Neuromodulation techniques, including Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), remain experimental yet highlight the importance of personalized protocols and ethical oversight. Genetics has seen advancements in gene-targeted therapies for syndromic forms of ASD marking a pivotal move toward precision medicine in autism, though ongoing challenges regarding safety, efficacy, and equitable access persist. This review informs clinicians, researchers, individuals with lived experiences and other important stakeholders by appraising current evidence, identifying limitations, and outlining future directions to advance rigorous, inclusive, and collaborative autism therapeutics.
Kevelson et al. (Sun,) studied this question.