Sepsis: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

ABSTRACTSepsis remains a critical global health challenge, characterized by dysregulated hostimmune response to infection leading to life-threatening organ dysfunction. Thiscomprehensive review synthesizes current evidence on sepsis epidemiology, etiology,pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies.According to the Global Burden of Disease Study (2020), sepsis accounts forapproximately 49 million cases annually worldwide, resulting in 11 million deathsrepresenting nearly 20% of global mortality 1. The disease disproportionately affectsvulnerable populations including neonates, elderly patients, and immunocompromisedindividuals, with mortality rates ranging from 15% to 50% depending on geographiclocation and healthcare infrastructure. Bacterial infections account for 70-80% of sepsiscases, though fungal and viral pathogens are increasingly recognized. Early recognitionusing standardized scoring systems such as Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)and qSOFA criteria, combined with prompt initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotics, fluidresuscitation, and source control, significantly improves survival outcomes. Despiteadvances in critical care, antimicrobial resistance, delayed diagnosis, and post-sepsissyndrome remain major challenges. This review emphasizes the need for enhanced earlydiagnostic strategies, adherence to evidence-based guidelines including the SurvivingSepsis Campaign recommendations, and comprehensive post-discharge care to improveglobal sepsis outcomes. Furthermore, strengthening healthcare infrastructure, promotingantibiotic stewardship, and increasing clinical awareness are essential to reduce theburden of sepsis, particularly in resource-limited settings.