This study evaluates cost-effectiveness in smallholder farming systems across Senegal by analysing panel data. Panel data from to were used for econometric analysis, employing fixed effects models to account for time-invariant heterogeneity in farm characteristics. The estimated cost-effectiveness ratio for smallholder farms was 4. 5: 1, indicating that the average return on investment exceeded costs by this factor over a decade. Smallholder farming systems in Senegal show significant potential for economic growth when operational and resource management practices are optimised. Adoption of improved agricultural technologies and better financial planning can enhance the cost-effectiveness of smallholder farms, contributing to sustainable development goals. The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Diop et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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