What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to understand how COX inhibitors affect cell growth and death in colorectal cancer due to various genetic mutations.

March 1, 2026Open Access

Network modeling of sporadic colorectal cancer reveals the importance of off-target effects of Cyclooxygenase inhibitors

AGAnthony R. GebhartLeiden University MBManon M. M. Berns JSJan SnoeysJohnson & Johnson (United States)

Key Points

The research aims to understand how COX inhibitors affect cell growth and death in colorectal cancer due to various genetic mutations.
Utilized a Boolean model to assess effects of COX inhibitors on cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Incorporated several genetic mutations associated with colorectal cancer.
Simulated the impact of these mutations on COX-dependent and independent pathways.
Inhibition of COX2 restored normal proliferation and apoptosis in APC loss simulations.
Other COX targets did not restore apoptosis in various genetic mutation simulations.
Inhibition of AKT and NF-κB reduced proliferation but not through other COX pathways.

Abstract

Abstract Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors (COXIBs) have shown preventive and therapeutic potential for colorectal cancer (CRC). In addition to inhibiting COX, approved COXIBs also target COX-independent pathways, including NF-κB and AKT. We evaluated how inhibition of various COXIB targets affects cell proliferation and apoptosis using a Boolean model incorporating the effect of several genetic mutations linked to CRC. The mutations activate two positive feedback loops and cause increased cell proliferation and survival. When simulating loss of function of APC, proliferation and apoptosis can be restored to healthy rates by inhibiting COX2. In simulations reflecting other genetic mutations, none of the investigated targets restore apoptosis and proliferation is reduced by inhibiting AKT or NF-κB, but not by any of the other COX targets tested. These results show that the off-target effects of COXIBs are crucial for their efficacy in the treatment of sporadic CRC.

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