In this study, a numerical method was developed to predict the adhesion of water spray and the amount of ice on a ship's superstructure, facilitating a quantitative evaluation of hull icing during ship operation in cold regions. Using OpenFOAM, fluid dynamics simulations were performed to analyze the behavior and adhesion patterns of water spray and calculate ice accretion rates based on the structural characteristics of each component. The results indicated that wind speed and inflow angle have a considerable effect on the distribution of water spray and ice accretion. For example, under an inflow angle of 30° and a wind speed of 20 m/s, a noticeable accumulation of ice was observed on the port-side crane. These findings demonstrate the critical role of detailed numerical analyses in understanding ice accretion patterns and provide a foundation for designing effective countermeasures against hull icing in cold regions.
Suizu et al. (Wed,) studied this question.