Background: Badminton is a high intensity racket sport which features explosive overhead strokes, rapid multidirectional movements, repeated lunges and frequent jumping and landing tasks.The upper and lower extremities must handle high biomechanical demands from these movements which directly affects both performance outcomes and injury probabilities.Through its jump smashes which exceed 400 km/h shuttle speeds and forward lunges which produce ground reaction forces exceeding 5 times bodyweight and rapid footwork patterns which require athletes to change direction more than 500 times during matches badminton creates extreme biomechanical requirements which result in 4-7 injuries per 1000 hours of elite training. Aim: The integrative literature review combines different studies to create a comprehensive overview of biomechanical parameters which include kinematics and kinetics and joint contributions found in badminton strokes and movements. Methods: The researchers extracted the study objectives and participant information and 3D motion capture techniques (Vicon 300-480 Hz, force plates, Kinovea), tested movements, kinematic and kinetic outcomes and study conclusions from eighteen cross-sectional/comparative studies. The researchers assessed study quality using two reviewers who applied MINORS to evaluate studies that achieved moderate to high quality with ratings between 10 and 16 out of 16 and had ICC values above 0.8. The researchers developed thematic codes for the data which included upper limb and lower limb categories and fatigue modifier categories. The researchers used frequency analysis to determine which parameters appeared in more than half of the studies as dominant parameters. Results: The studies on upper extremity kinematics showed 67% of research results for wrist linear velocity peaks at 20 m/s which produced 25-26% of racket speed through shoulder rotation combined with trunk X-factor separation at shuttle speed between 0.6 to 0.8; elite athletes demonstrate a preference for rotational mechanics instead of translational mechanics. The lower kinetics results from 78% of studies which found lunge ground reaction forces to reach 4-6 body weight while amateurs displayed greater ankle moments compared to professional athletes who relied on knee-dominant movements; athletes experience reduced peak performance during repeated lunge exercises but their movement distribution shows greater unevenness; high-velocity overhead movements cause athletes to make 6-10 body weight of contact with their hip knee and ankle joints. Ankle inversion increases by 20° with fatigue which reduces peroneal forces by 20% according to 17% of studies; 3-step footwork proves kinematically superior. Conclusion: The wrist motion sequence determines the success of smashing while lunging movement patterns together with fatigue-related ankle control difficulties create the main danger of sustaining injuries. The physiotherapy program should focus on strengthening the entire body movement system through landing practice exercises. The research requires immediate execution of female-specific randomized controlled trials together with game simulation assessments to determine which parameters should be used for decreasing injury risk.
Gupta et al. (Sun,) studied this question.