Cyclovirobuxine D attenuates collagen-induced arthritis by inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway and macrophage polarization

Key Points

• Cyclovirobuxine D significantly decreases arthritis severity in collagen-induced arthritis models, suggesting strong therapeutic potential.
• A key metric revealed a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6 and TNF-alpha.
• Analysis of immune responses indicates a notable inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway and macrophage polarization dynamics.
• Further studies may enable clinical applications, but preclinical evidence lacks external validation in human models.