Trauma patients range from healthy children and adults to frail elderly ones. Pain management in the elderly can be challenging as these patients often present with other co-morbidities. Polytrauma patients, delayed admissions, substance abuse and psychological issues may also result in complication of care. Appropriate pain management is a patient’s right. It also helps early healing, reduces chronic pain and can lead to a shorter hospital stay. Pain relief is based on the WHO analgesic ladder. This helps to prescribe analgesia in a stepwise fashion and in doing so prevents unwanted adverse effects from using strong opioids. excerpt
Borg et al. (Sun,) studied this question.