Parasitoid Calyx Fluid and Venom Affect Bacterial Communities in Their Lepidopteran Host Labial Salivary Glands

Key Points

• Bacterial communities change significantly in response to parasitoid venom in salivary glands.
• Venom from parasitoids alters the composition of bacterial communities inside their lepidopteran hosts.
• Observational analysis examines the interactions between parasitic venom and bacterial populations.
• This work highlights the ecological significance of venom on host-bacteria interactions, presenting avenues for further research.