Safety of ferrite nanoparticles for biomedical applications: cyto- and genotoxic effects of MxFe3-xO4 (M = Fe, Zn, Mn) in an advanced 3D human hepatic in vitro model

Key Points

• Safety concerns arise as ferrite nanoparticles show significant cytotoxicity in 3D human hepatic models.
• The measured genotoxic effects varied by composition, particularly with iron, zinc, and manganese nanoparticles.
• Assessment using advanced 3D human hepatic models highlights unique responses compared to traditional models.
• Results indicate that while ferrite nanoparticles have potential applications, their safety profile remains uncertain.