A three–dimensional multi–factor framework for quantifying cooling effects in urban mountainous parks: integrating “point–plane–space” perspective and UAV vertical profiling

Key Points

• Urban parks exhibit notable cooling effects, significantly impacting local climate.
• Key findings reveal temperature reductions of up to 5°C in specific areas during peak heat periods.
• The analysis incorporates UAV vertical profiling methods to assess cooling across diverse park zones.
• Highlighting the need for multi-factor frameworks to enhance urban planning and climate adaptation.