Biocatalytic and enzymatic systems for heavy metal removal from aquatic environments: mechanisms, applications, and future prospects

Key Points

• Biocatalytic systems efficiently remove heavy metals, enhancing aquatic ecosystem health.
• Removal rates of key heavy metals indicate over 80% efficacy in controlled environments.
• Evaluation of enzymatic systems showcases practical applications across several aquatic settings.
• Future prospects highlight the need for scalable solutions and innovative technologies in bioremediation.