Energy optimization and life cycle environmental impacts of alfalfa production in Iran: a DEA-LCA approach

Key Points

• Energy optimization strategies lead to reduced environmental impacts in alfalfa production.
• A life cycle assessment combined with data envelopment analysis highlights resource efficiency gains.
• The findings are based on comprehensive data from alfalfa farms across Iran, providing valuable insights.
• Adopting these strategies could support sustainable agricultural practices, though context-specific application is essential.