Evaluation of ammonium chloride versus urea as nitrogen source for enriching comammox Nitrospira in continuous-flow biofilm reactors

Key Points

• Biofilm reactors enriched comammox Nitrospira effectively with ammonium chloride.
• Comammox activity increased significantly when utilizing ammonium chloride, showing superior performance.
• Evaluation involved a continuous-flow system to maintain consistent conditions for growth and metabolism.
• These findings suggest optimized nutrient sources for enhancing Nitrospira in wastewater treatment processes.