March 3, 2026Open Access

Flow Cytometry Study of Immune Cell Subpopulations from the Mouse Vertebral Bone Marrow and Intervertebral Disc Following Endplate Microfracture

DWDalin WangBeihua University MZMingcai ZhangLanzhou University of Technology RHRichard HastingsUniversity of Kansas Medical Center

Key Points

Flow cytometry analysis revealed significant increases in macrophage numbers and M2a polarization following endplate injury, indicating immune responses in the vertebral bone marrow.
Increased Treg cells were found in vertebral bone marrow samples from the endplate injury group, suggesting a distinct immune reaction compared to sham-operated mice.
A detailed procedure for harvesting lumbar vertebral bone marrow and intervertebral disc tissues was described, optimizing cell preparation for flow cytometry analysis.
The findings support the importance of understanding cellular mechanisms involved in Modic changes and intervertebral disc degeneration for potential therapeutic strategies.

Abstract

Objective: Although endplate (EP) injury may cause intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and Modic changes (MCs) in the vertebral bone marrow (VBM), EP injury-induced synchronous cellular reactions and their crosstalk in the IVD and VBM remain unclear. This protocol-based study aimed to streamline and optimize the methods of tissue harvest and cell preparation for flow cytometry (FCM) analysis of T-cell and macrophage subpopulations in both VBM and IVD adjacent to the surgically induced EP microfracture in mice. Methods: EP injury or sham procedure was performed at the spinal levels L4-5 and L5-6 in male mice. Step-by-step techniques on the harvest of lumbar VBM and IVD tissues, isolation of tissue-specific cells, and generation of single cell suspensions were described. FCM analysis was performed using specific antibodies against cell-surface markers and multi-color cytometry for precise delineation of cell subsets to explore the cellular mechanism of MCs. An extracellular staining assay to identify macrophage subsets, as well as extra- and intra-cellular staining assays to identify T lymphocyte subsets from the VBM and IVD, were performed and optimized. Results: FCM analysis demonstrated that significantly increased macrophage numbers and M2a polarization response were observed in VBM samples from the sham and EP injury groups, while the ratio of M2a/total number of macrophages was significantly increased and the ratio of M1/M2a was significantly decreased in IVDs from the sham and EP injury groups. A significantly increased Treg cell response was detected in VBM samples from the EP injury group, but not the sham group. Conclusions: This protocol reports novel and reproducible methods of tissue harvest, cell preparation, and antibody selection for flow cytometry analysis of T-cell and macrophage subpopulations isolated from the VBM and IVD following EP injury in mice. This protocol may be utilized for exploring the cellular mechanism of MCs and IVD degeneration in animal models.

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