Introduction: Gender-based violence and femicide represent the most extreme manifestation of a deep-rooted cultural distortion embedded within patriarchal social structures. In this study, adopting a comparative and multidisciplinary approach, we analyzed the evolution of international legislation and the major historical milestones in the protection of women’s rights and the prevention of gender-based violence at both the global and Italian levels. Specific protocols such as the “Pink code” were examined, with particular attention to medico-legal implications and the clinical management of victims, highlighting how violence against women continues to be fuelled by stereotypes, discrimination, and unequal power relations. Materials and Methods: Gender-based violence and femicide were examined from both national and international perspectives. A total of 73 scientific articles in English and 28 legal sources were selected from an initial pool of 918 publications, through a narrative review with a structured search strategy of international and Italian legislation and scientific literature. Electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) were searched for the period 2000–2025. Only original observational studies, medico-legal analyses, epidemiological reports, and forensic case series were included. Cases primarily related to pregnancy, migration, infanticide, suicide, or substance abuse were excluded to reduce heterogeneity and focus on violence rooted in gender-based power asymmetries. Results: The legislative analysis shows a progressive strengthening of protection mechanisms, particularly between 2012 and 2023, following the ratification of the Istanbul Convention, the increase in intimate partner violence, and the COVID-19 pandemic. In Italy, the repeal of discriminatory norms and the introduction of specific legislative measures have led to increased attention toward prevention, protection, and prosecution of gender-based violence. Protocols such as the ‘Pink Code’, an Italian hospital-based multidisciplinary pathway activated mainly in emergency departments for the early identification, clinical care, medico-legal documentation, and judicial protection of victims of gender-based violence, have improved multidisciplinary management of victims within healthcare and judicial settings, although significant challenges remain regarding the full enforcement of legislation and the effective protection of women. The analysis focuses on female victims, in accordance with the Italian legal definition of gender-based violence, while other forms of gender-related violence were considered beyond the scope of this review. Conclusions: Despite substantial legal advances, combating gender-based violence clearly requires an integrated approach that combines prevention, assistance, and prosecution. Strengthening collaboration among institutions, healthcare services, and the judicial system—consistent with international recommendations—is essential to ensure an effective and rights-based response to victims. Overcoming the cultural and social barriers that perpetuate violence remains a fundamental priority, alongside promoting genuine gender equality.
Spadazzi et al. (Thu,) studied this question.