Governors and Federalism: Examining Tensions in Modi’s India

Abstract Indian federalism is currently experiencing an intensification of center—state conflict marked by the routine politicization of constitutional offices and the growing displacement of intergovernmental negotiation by litigation. This Federalism Monitor article examines the tensions within India’s federal structure, focusing on conflicts between governors and chief ministers of non-BJP-ruled states under the Modi government since 2014. Analyzing eight key Supreme Court cases between 2014 and 2024 and broader litigation trends, the study finds that governors increasingly act as instruments of central power, prompting judicial intervention. The Court’s assertiveness ensures procedural compliance but signals deeper political disturbance. The article argues that Indian federalism is entering a phase of judicial containment, where constitutional stability is upheld by courts rather than intergovernmental consensus or cooperative federal norms.