What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to optimize the production and evaluate the biological activities of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) from Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens.

March 10, 2026

Fermentative Production, Kinetic Analysis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Phenazine‐1‐Carboxylic Acid from Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. Aureofaciens

Key Points

This research aims to optimize the production and evaluate the biological activities of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) from Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens.
Conducted submerged batch fermentation to produce PCA.
Optimized chemical and physical parameters for maximal yield.
Isolated PCA using chloroform extraction and characterized it via UV–vis, FTIR, and 1H-NMR analyses.
Determined key kinetic parameters (Y XS, Y PS, Y PX, μ).
Evaluated antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Micrococcus luteus, along with cytotoxicity on A549 and SKOV3 cells.
PCA production reached 129.45 µg/mL under optimized conditions.
Determined kinetic parameters: Y XS = 0.64 mg/mg, Y PS = 0.12 mg/mg, Y PX = 0.35 mg/mg, μ = 0.39 h−1.
PCA showed antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (10 mm) and Micrococcus luteus (22 mm).
MTT assay indicated cytotoxic effects with IC50 values of 17.30, 13.04, and 5.69 µg/mL at 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively.

Abstract

ABSTRACT This study investigates phenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid (PCA) production by Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens under submerged batch fermentation. This nonpathogenic, flexible carbon‐utilizing strain was selected as a safer and industrially adaptable PCA producer. Chemical and physical parameters were optimized, and phenazines were isolated by chloroform extraction followed by adsorption chromatography and characterized using UV–vis, FTIR, and 1 H‐NMR analyses. PCA production was identified as growth‐associated, yielding 129.45 µg/mL—comparable to wild‐type Pseudomonas strains despite the use of low‐cost glycerol medium‐highlighting the process's industrial relevance. Key kinetic parameters were determined as Y XS = 0.64 mg/mg, Y PS = 0.12 mg/mg, Y PX = 0.35 mg/mg, and μ = 0.39 h − 1 . PCA exhibited antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (10 mm) and Micrococcus luteus (22 mm) at 150 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity was evaluated via MTT assay on A549 and SKOV3 cells, yielding IC 50 values of 17.30 ± 1.72, 13.04 ± 0.76, and 5.69 ± 0.35 µg/mL at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, with notable effects also observed in SKOV3 cells. Overall, the findings demonstrate that PCA possesses significant antimicrobial and anticancer potential, supporting its further development as a natural bioactive compound.

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