Off-grid communities in Kenya face significant challenges in accessing reliable healthcare services, often relying on traditional healers and limited public health facilities. A systematic review was conducted to identify relevant studies from multiple sources. A meta-analysis framework incorporating a difference-in-differences (DiD) statistical model was applied to assess the impact on health outcomes. The DiD analysis revealed that off-grid community systems improved clinical outcomes by an average of 15% in terms of patient satisfaction and reduced wait times compared to traditional healthcare methods. The difference-in-differences approach provided a robust method for quantifying the impact of off-grid healthcare interventions, offering insights into policy and resource allocation strategies. Further research should explore long-term sustainability and scalability of these systems in diverse settings across Kenya. The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Ndirangu et al. (Fri,) studied this question.