"background": "The adoption of advanced process-control systems in industrial sectors within developing economies is a critical driver of productivity and quality. However, there is a paucity of robust, quantitative frameworks for modelling and forecasting this technological transition, particularly in sub-Saharan African contexts. ", "purpose and objectives": "This paper aims to develop and evaluate a methodological framework for forecasting the adoption rates of industrial process-control systems. The primary objective is to construct a time-series model that accurately captures the diffusion dynamics within the Tanzanian manufacturing and processing sectors. ", "methodology": "A longitudinal dataset of system installations was analysed using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, specified as \ᵈ yt = c + =1^{p\ \ᵈ yt-i + =1^q\ -j + \, where \ᵈ denotes the differencing operator. Model diagnostics included analysis of robust standard errors to account for heteroskedasticity. ", "findings": "The ARIMA (1, 1, 1) model provided the best fit, forecasting a compound annual growth rate in adoption of 8. 7% over the forecast horizon. A key finding was the significant positive influence of prior domestic training initiatives on adoption rates, with a coefficient of 0. 32 (p < 0. 05, robust SE = 0. 14). ", "conclusion": "The developed time-series model offers a validated, quantitative tool for predicting the uptake of process-control technology. It confirms that adoption is not merely a function of capital availability but is strongly linked to sustained local capacity-building efforts. ", "recommendations": "Industry policy should integrate targeted technical training programmes with technology investment schemes. Future research should incorporate external regressors, such as energy reliability metrics, into the forecasting model to improve its predictive power. ", "key words": "Process control, Technology adoption, Time-series forecasting, ARIMA modelling
Mushi et al. (Mon,) studied this question.