Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) modulates Rap signaling and fibrosis. We report benzofuran oxoacetic acids as non-nucleotide EPAC1 agonists. Convergent synthesis delivered C2-diversified analogues (overall yields ≈ 3-7%). Fluorescent competition at isolated CNBDs mapped isoform engagement: several analogues favored EPAC1 (e.g., DM244, DM357, and DM408), DM312 favored EPAC2, and small C2 changes tuned bias. In cells, EPAC1-transfected U2OS assays showed significant Rap1-GTP increases for DM243, DM244, and DM245, with no activation in EPAC2 cells and no detectable protein kinase A activity. In disease-relevant contexts, the series attenuated IL-6/STAT3 signaling in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells and inhibited TGF-β1-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (αSMA, Collagen I) with midmicromolar potencies; known drugs, SB525334 and nintedanib, remained more potent, yet nintedanib was markedly more cytotoxic. Across assays, some binding-phenotype disconnects emerged, plausibly reflecting exposure, signaling bias, and cell-context effects. Overall, benzofuran oxoacetic acids provide EPAC-pathway probes with a favorable tolerability window and scope for potency optimization as antifibrotics.
Morgan et al. (Fri,) studied this question.