Multidisciplinary advances in oral health management in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive review.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex chronic autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organ systems, including the skin, joints, kidneys and oral cavity. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the oral health of patients with SLE, with studies showing that the incidence of dental caries, periodontal disease, oral mucosal lesions and salivary dysfunction is significantly higher in patients with SLE than in the general population. Factors such as immune system abnormalities, long-term use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, and dysbiosis of the oral microbiome all contribute to an increased oral disease burden in patients with SLE. Oral health problems affect not only patients' nutritional intake, social interactions and self-esteem but may also create an inflammatory feedback loop exacerbating the underlying systemic condition. A multidisciplinary management approach involving rheumatology, dentistry and psychological support - with more refined and individualised strategies for prevention, treatment and follow-up - is crucial for patients with SLE. This review distinguishes itself from prior syntheses by systematically integrating the pivotal role of nursing teams within the multidisciplinary framework, and proposing actionable, structured protocols for assessment, referral, and long-term follow-up. Future research should focus on exploring the interaction between the oral microbiome and immune response mechanisms and strive to develop more effective interventions and standardised diagnostic and treatment protocols to improve the oral health and overall quality of life of patients with SLE.