This study explores the integration of Augmented Reality (AR) into Lean Manufacturing practices to enhance manual drone assembly training. Leveraging lean principles such as Jidoka, standardized work, and visual management, a projection-based AR system was developed featuring real-time task guidance, gesture control, and voice interaction. A structured methodology: Set up, Testing and Evaluation, was used to compare the performance of AR-assisted and traditional non-AR training. Participants across both conditions completed identical tasks, with results revealing that AR users completed tasks 22.3% faster and committed no defects, compared to several errors in the control group. Furthermore, learning curve analysis showed a 4.1% greater improvement in skill acquisition among AR users. By embedding lean tools directly into the AR interface, the system reduced waste related to waiting, over-processing, and errors, while enabling scalable, hands-free instruction. Although Vision-Language Model (VLM) integration remains a future enhancement, the current implementation demonstrates AR’s capacity to streamline training, improve consistency, and support workforce development within Industry 4.0-aligned environments.
Hamid et al. (Thu,) studied this question.