The rapid expansion of electric vehicle (EV) adoption has introduced new challenges in power system infrastructure and energy management. Issues like long waiting times at charging stations and battery degradation due to fast charging are some of the major barriers to widespread EV deployment. Battery swapping stations (BSS) arise as a promising alternative by enabling quick battery replacements. Moreover, BSS has a critical role in balancing power grids through ancillary services. This thesis presents a comprehensive framework for the optimization of BSS operation by focusing on three key aspects: scheduling of battery charging–discharging operations, optimal placement and sizing of BSS, and integration of mobile battery swapping stations (MSS). The first study investigates the optimal location and capacity of a BSS in a microgrid environment to maximize revenue while supporting grid stability. Using real-world public transportation data from Berlin, Germany for an analytical demand estimation approach, an optimization model determines the optimal BSS location and its impact on ancillary service provision. The second study extends this analysis by developing an optimal scheduling framework for multiple BSS that serve EVs and electric bus (EB) fleets. It introduces the concept of MSS, a dynamic and mobile alternative that strategically distributes battery swaps based on demand patterns in different regions. The results demonstrate that BSS, coupled with MSS, improve grid interaction efficiency and financial sustainability. The third study formulates a mixed-integer programming model to optimize the operations of a central BSS and its affiliated MSS units in an urban environment. The model optimally allocates resources to maximize revenue from swap operations of MSS and energy sales of BSS to the grid. Developed model also solves the problem of MSS distribution to urban areas within the scope of demand estimation. The findings highlight the financial potential of BSS-MSS infrastructure offers a dual benefit of efficient EV adoption and grid support. Overall, this thesis provides a strategic approach to BSS planning and operation, bridging the gap between EV infrastructure and power grid economics. With real-world data and optimization techniques, it offers an applicable pathway for improving EV accessibility, grid reliability, and financial sustainability in the evolving energy and mobility landscape.
Mustafa Cagatay Kocer (Thu,) studied this question.