Cholelithiasis is a common hepatobiliary disorder characterized by the formation of gallstones within the gallbladder.1 Obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones leads to cholecystitis, which may present as acute or chronic inflammation.2 Acute calculus cholecystitis is a surgical emergency associated with severe pain, inflammation, and systemic response, whereas chronic cholecystitis represents long-standing gallstone disease with recurrent low-grade inflammation.3 Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard treatment for gallstone disease, it is often deferred or avoided in acute settings due to distorted anatomy, higher complication rates, and patient instability.4 This article elaborates the pathophysiology, clinical features, pain mechanisms, and surgical decision-making in acute and chronic calculus cholecystitis with evidence-based in-text references.
Dr. Lokesh Kumar Tamta*1, Dr. Ranjit Singh2, Dr. Bhoomi Soni3 (Wed,) studied this question.