Grounding (Clark and Schaefer, 1989), is the process by which people, in order to add to their pool of shared information, strive to gain confidence in mutual understanding by providing each other with positive evidence of understanding. It is one that has been suggested to be of use to English language teachers at Japanese elementary schools (see Nakashima & Hine, 2021) as well as junior high school (see Nakashima & Hine, 2022). This paper explores how the concept applies to the modern Japanese elementary school English education context, which includes the introduction of tablets for each student and growing interest in AI and individual optimized learning.
Andrew R. Hine (Mon,) studied this question.