Aims: This study seeks to identify the primary natural and anthropogenic sources of soil pollution in the Khabbat District, situated in the western part of Erbil Governorate, and to assess the impact of these pollutants on the soil's physical and chemical properties. The significance of this research lies in the district’s population, which heavily depends on agricultural activities; thus, soil degradation poses a critical risk to agricultural productivity and the environmental security of the area. Methodology: The study employed a field and laboratory analytical approach, collecting 18 soil samples from various locations across the district, with consideration given to land use differences. Samples were collected from a depth of 25–30 cm and analyzed in the laboratory to evaluate their physical and chemical characteristics, including soil texture, color, bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), as well as the concentrations of ions and nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen. Additionally, the percentage of calcium carbonate and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were measured. Results: The findings indicated that the soils in the area exhibit low to moderate salinity levels, necessitating close monitoring of salinity in the district center. Sodium adsorption values varied from low to high-risk levels in certain samples, reflecting differences in the extent of soil contamination from pollution sources. Soil pH ranged from slightly acidic to neutral. Analysis also showed phosphorus levels from low to moderate, while total nitrogen content varied from poor to moderate. Furthermore, the soils contained high levels of calcium carbonate, classifying them as calcareous soils. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that the soils of Khabbat District are influenced by several pollution sources, particularly those related to human activities, which have resulted in significant alterations to their chemical and physical properties. The results underscore the necessity for ongoing monitoring and the implementation of sustainable soil management programs to mitigate salinity and sodium adsorption while improving nutrient levels, thereby ensuring the sustainability of agricultural production and enhancing soil quality in the region.
Nabati et al. (Mon,) studied this question.