Therapeutic targeting of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in colorectal cancer: tumor-intrinsic and immune checkpoint signaling

Key Points

• This research focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in varying colorectal cancer types.
• Analyzed the effects of PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in MSI-H/dMMR and MSS colorectal cancer.
• Compared survival benefits in patients with different genetic backgrounds.
• Explored innovative combination therapies to overcome resistance.
• Demonstrated long-term clinical efficacy and survival benefits in MSI-H/dMMR colorectal cancer.
• Limited response observed in MSS metastatic colorectal cancer.
• Highlight the need for new combination therapies to treat resistance.