Diseases of the Esophagus: Foreign Body, Zenker's Diverticulum, and Plummer–Vinson Syndrome

Diseases of the esophagus include a wide spectrum of structural, functional, and nutritional disorders affecting both pediatric and adult populations. Among these, foreign body ingestion, Zenker’s diverticulum, and Plummer–Vinson syndrome represent clinically significant conditions with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and management strategies. This review integrates global epidemiological data (2010–2025), clinical presentation patterns, diagnostic advancements, and therapeutic outcomes. Emphasis is placed on early diagnosis using endoscopic and radiologic techniques, along with emerging minimally invasive and preventive approaches. The study highlights how improved emergency care, nutritional interventions, and surgical innovations have significantly reduced morbidity and mortality associated with esophageal diseases.