A Comprehensive Review of CO2 Mineral Sequestration Methods Using Coal Fly Ash for Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) Technology

CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion are the main source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). A method of reducing CO2 emissions is CCUS (carbon capture, utilisation, and storage) technology. One part of CCUS technology involves mineral sequestration as its final stage, utilisation, which can be carried out using natural raw materials or waste. This is a particularly interesting option for power and CHP plants that use coal as their primary fuel. Combustion processes produce fly ash as a waste by-product, which has a high potential for CO2 sequestration. Calcium fly ash from lignite combustion and fly ash from fluidised bed boilers have particularly high potential due to their high CaO content. Fly ash can be used in the mineral sequestration of CO2 via direct and indirect carbonation. Both methods use CO2 and flue gases. Studies conducted so far have analysed the influence of factors such as temperature, pressure, and the liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio on the carbonation process, which have shown different effects depending on the ash used and the form of the process. Due to the large differences found in the properties of fly ash, related primarily to the type of fuel and boiler used, the process of mineral CO2 sequestration requires much research into its feasibility on an industrial scale. However, the method is promising for industrial applications due to the possibility of reducing CO2 emissions and, at the same time, recovering waste.