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Stable oil-in-water emulsions are obtained in alkaline solution in the absence of any conventional surfactant. The oil droplets are charged by hydroxide ions (see picture). The surface charge density is obtained by measuring the size of the emulsion droplets by electroacoustics and the quantity of NaOH required to keep the pH constant during homogenization.
Beattie et al. (2004) studied this question.
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