The design and applications of superomniphobic surfaces

Surfaces that display contact angles >150° along with low contact angle hysteresis with essentially all high and low surface tension liquids, including water, oils and alcohols, are known as superomniphobic surfaces. Such surfaces have a range of commercial applications, including self-cleaning, non-fouling, stain-free clothing, drag reduction, corrosion prevention and separation of liquids. Such surfaces have thus generated immense academic and industrial interest in recent years. In this review, we discuss the systematic design of superomniphobic surfaces. In particular, we discuss the significance of surface energy, roughness and the critical role of re-entrant texture in obtaining the so-called Cassie–Baxter state with low surface tension liquids. We also discuss how hierarchical scales of texture can yield high contact angles and decrease the contact angle hysteresis of superomniphobic surfaces by reducing the solid–liquid contact area. On the basis of this understanding, we discuss dimensionless design parameters that allow for the systematic design of superomniphobic surfaces. We also review the current literature on superomniphobic surfaces, paying particular attention to surfaces that demonstrate good mechanical, chemical and radiation durability—traits that are essential for any commercial application of superomniphobic surfaces. Finally, we conclude by identifying the unresolved challenges in the fabrication of durable superomniphobic surfaces and highlight the future needs in the field. Surfaces that display contact angles >150° along with a low contact angle hysteresis for both low and high surface tension liquids are known as superomniphobic surfaces. Such surfaces have several applications, including self-cleaning, non-fouling, stain-free clothing, drag reduction, corrosion prevention and separation of liquids. In this review, we discuss the design criteria, recent studies, applications, challenges and potential of superomniphobic surfaces. Surfaces that strongly repel low surface tension liquids (e.g. oils and alcohols) are classified as superoleophobic and those that strongly repel high surface tension liquids (e.g. water) are classified as superhydrophobic. However, if a surface shows both these characteristics, it can be considered superomniphobic. Liquid droplets on superomniphobic surfaces roll off very easily and, as a result, these surfaces are attractive as non-fouling coatings, self-cleaning surfaces and liquid-separation techniques. Anish Tuteja at the University of Michigan, United States, and colleagues review the design principles required to fabricate superomniphobic surfaces. They discuss surface energy, roughness and hierarchical scales of surface texture, and recognize the importance of re-entrant textures (i.e. convex topography) to achieve superomniphobicity. Several examples of superomniphobic surfaces are presented with particular focus on the need to improve chemical and mechanical durability, to realize their full potential in commercial and industrial applications.